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On October 10, 1973, Howard Jenkins, Jr. was re-appointed to the NLRB by President
Richard M. Nixon. In Jubilee Manufacturing Company 202 NLRB 272 (1973),
the Board rejected the rational of the United Packinghouse court
setting forth when a violation under the NLRA would occur because of an
employer's acts of invidious discrimination. The Union alleged sexual discrimination.
The Administrative Law Judge concluded the record was insufficient to establish
that the employer had developed and practiced a policy of discrimination
based on sex. This determination precluded a decision on the United Packinghouse
issue - whether an employer's policy and practice of invidious discrimination
interferes with or restrains the discriminated employees in exercising
their Section 7 rights in violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (3). The Board
agreed that the allegations could be dismissed because discrimination is not
inherently destructive of employees' Section 7 rights. There must be actual
evidence, as opposed to speculation, of a nexus between the alleged discriminatory
conduct and the interference with, or restraint of, employees in the exercise
of those rights protected by the Act. Jenkins' dissent relied on
Steele and United Packinghouse. Jenkins found
the employment policies and practices of the employer illegal, and as such,
were inherently destructive of employee rights under Section 7 and such
conduct violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.
The Congress amended the Taft-Hartley Act 1970 to place the U.S. Postal
Service under the NLRB's jurisdiction. The Postal Service Reorganization
Act substituted an arbitration procedure for a guaranteed right to strike.
The Congress also gave the Board jurisdiction over the health-care industry
(1974), major league baseball (1969), private, non-profit college and universities,
foreign government-owned corporations doing business in the U.S. (1977),
law firms (1977), and professional soccer (1978). Howard Jenkins, Jr. found
it difficult to fit industrial concepts into the health field.
Bekins Moving and Storage 211 NLRB 138 (1974) reaffirmed principles
of Hughes Tool Co. but was not a unanimous decision. The employer contended that
the Board was precluded from holding a union election because the Board had a
constitutional duty not to certify a discriminatory union. Dissenters maintained
that the Board had no authority to deny certification. Jenkins stated
that "what the Board lacks is not the statutory power to withhold their
certificate, but rather the constitutional power to confer it." Jenkins
claimed that the duty of fair representation is in the Constitution as
well as in the statute. Howard Jenkins and William Miller were the only ones for denying certification
to labor unions who had practices, but not policies, of racial discrimination. New Member appointments realigned
the sitting participants. Jenkins dissented in Handy Andy, Inc.,
228 NLRB 447 (1977). There, the majority overruled Bekins, holding
that neither the Fifth Amendment nor the NLRA requires the Board to resolve
questions of invidious discrimination in certification proceedings. In his
dissent, Member Jenkins maintained that the majority undercut Hughes Tool
which held that on constitutional grounds discriminatory practices by a union
required denial of representation privileges. The Board decided that there
was no nexus between Board certification and any discrimination undertaken by a
labor union's activity and that a certification is only an acknowledgement that
a majority of employees voted for the union as their representative. Handy
Andy, Inc. was the Board's last major opinion regarding which cases alleging union invidious discrimination could come before the Board. |
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